Me pēhea te whakaiti i te utu whakahaere o te papa korowha

I roto i ngā tau 10 kua pahure ake nei, kua tere te whanaketanga o te korowha i tōku whenua. I tēnei wā, neke atu i te 150 ngā papa korowha me te tata ki te 3,000 ngā ara tākaro i Haina matua. Heoi, nā te pikinga o te utu tiaki i te tarutaru o te papa korowha kua kore e taea e te nuinga o ngā karapu korowha te aro atu ki tēnei. Ko te whakaiti i te utu tiaki i te papa korowha kua noho hei āwangawanga noa o ngā āpiha me ngā kaiwhakahaere tarutaru o ngā karapu rerekē. Me pēhea te whakarite i te kounga o te tarutaru me te whakatutuki i ngā whakaritenga o tewhenua o te papa korowhame te tākaro a ngā kaitākaro? Mā roto i ngā tau maha o te whakaharatau me te wheako matatau ki te whakahaere i te papa korowha i te kāinga me tāwāhi, ka tukuna e te kaituhi ēnei whakaaro:

(1) Kōwhiria ngā purapura tarutaru kounga teitei, tauritehia kia tika, ā, whakaitihia te nui o te tapahi. Ka taea e ngā purapura tarutaru "noa" te whakaputa i te tarutaru tapahi nui atu i ngā momo pai rawa atu. He kōrero tika tēnei, he āhua whakahē, nā te mea i roto i te mākete e hiahia ana ki te whakahaere whānui, ko ngā purapura tarutaru noa te nuinga o te wā e whai ana ngā kaihoko purapura ki te hoko. I roto i tētahi rangahau, i kitea he rerekētanga nui i roto i te nui o ngā toenga tarutaru i whakaputaina e ngā purapura tarutaru noa me ngā purapura tarutaru kounga teitei. Ko te momo tarutaru mania noa e whakaputa ana i te 70% te nui ake o te tarutaru i te Blackburg Linn, he momo raigrass tau-roa pai ake, 50% te nui ake i a Tara me K-31, ngā momo fescue roa noa, me te 13% te nui ake i a Apache.

(2) Ka taea e ngā maniua matū te whakaiti i ngā mate. I kitea e ngā kairangahau i Te Whare Wānanga o North Carolina State he nui te phosphorus, te manganese rānei i roto i ngā mowhiti harore rau. Ko te hua pai o te whakamahi i tēnei maniua ko te wā e puta tuatahi mai ai te mowhiti harore i te puna, i te tīmatanga rānei o te raumati. Tāpirihia kia rua ngā wā i te wiki i te 8g/㎡ i ia wā, ā, whakamakukuhia i muri i te paninga kia kore ai e wera ngā maniua i ngā rau. I kitea anō hoki e ngā kairangahau ka taea hoki e tēnei tikanga maimoatanga te whakaiti i te putanga mai o te mate ira parauri.

(3) Mā te tapahi tika ka taea te whakaiti i te wai e pau ana. He rerekē ki te nuinga o ngā whakaaro, mā te tapahi i te tarutaru ka iti ake te wai whakamakuku e pau ana. Kua kitea e ngā rangahau mēnā ka whakaitihia te teitei tapahi o te tarutaru mania mai i te 2.5cm ki te 0.6cm, ko te wai whakamakuku e hiahiatia ana he haurua noa iho o te wai taketake. Heoi, mā ēnei tarutaru iti te tapahi ka poto ake ngā pakiaka, nō reira kāore e tino aro ana ngā tarutaru iti te tapahi ki te tauraki, ki te kore ka ngaro te tae kakariki o te tarutaru, ka pakaru rānei. I ngā āhuarangi whenua e hiahiatia ana te whakamakuku, mā te whakamahi i te tapahi iti hei whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te wai ka taea te whakatutuki i ngā hua pai.
Mā te whakaiti i te auau o te tapahi ka taea te pupuri i te makuku. Kua whakaatuhia e ngā rangahau, ki te piki ake te tapahi mai i te 2 ngā wā i te wiki ki te 6 ngā wā i te wiki, ka piki ake te whakamahinga wai mā te 41%. Heoi, he iti noa ngā herenga ki te tiaki wai mā te whakaiti i te maha o ngā wā whakamakuku, pērā i te moumou wai i puta mai i te tipu tiketike rawa o te tarutaru.

(4) Te whakahaere rohe. Te wehewehe i tētahi papa korowha kia rerekēwhakahaere tiakiKa taea e ngā wāhi te whakaiti i ngā utu tiaki. Ko te tikanga, kāore e taea te whakaiti i te taumata tiaki o tētahi papa korowha matomato, ara whāiti, tī me ētahi atu wāhi, ā, kāore e tika kia whakaitihia. Heoi, i ētahi wāhi, ka taea te whakamātau i te huarahi e whai ake nei: Tuatahi, wehea te mahere papa kia tapawhā me te tapatoru, tohaina he taumata tiaki mō ia wāhanga, ā, tohua mai i te "A" ki te "G". He paerewa tongi, whakainu, tapahi me te whakahaere pepeke kua tohua mō ia wāhanga. Ka taea e te Rohe A (ngā kākāriki) te whiwhi i ngā whakahaere e hiahiatia ana, ā, ka taea e ngā wāhi kē atu te whakaiti i ngā whakauru tiaki.

(5) Te "whakangungu" i te tarutaru o te kōanga. Hei kaiwhakahaere tarutaru, ka taea hoki e koe te "whakangungu" i te tarutaru kia iti ake te wai e hiahiatia ana. He pai hoki tēnei tikanga mō ngā tarutaru iti te tapahi. Ahakoa me wawe te wā whakamakuku tuatahi, hei kaiwhakahaere tarutaru, me karo koe i te hanga i te papa korowha e whakahaerehia ana e koe hei tuatahi i te rohe hei whakamakuku i ngā ara tākaro me ngā wāhi tarutaru roa katoa i te kōanga.
He pono, he mōrearea anō hoki ngā tarutaru "whakangungu". Engari ka taea e te tauraki o te kōanga te akiaki i ngā pakiaka tarutaru kia tupu hohonu ake ki roto i te oneone. Ka whai wāhi ēnei pakiaka hohonu ake i waenganui o te raumati, ka taea ai te whakaiti i te whakamahinga wai, ā, ka kaha ake te urutau ki te taiao.

(6) Whakaitihia te maha o ngā wā tapahi. I kitea e tētahi whare rangahau i New York he tere te tipu o ngā tarutaru rai ā-tau, o ngā momo fescue roa rānei (ngā momo fescue poto rānei) ā, me nui ake te tapahi. Ko te nui o ngā toenga tarutaru e puta mai ana he 90% ki te 270% te nui ake i ērā o ngā tarutaru puhoi te tipu pērā i te fescue pai, te bluegrass rānei.

I kitea i roto i te rangahau he nui ngā whakapaunga ka taea te penapena mā te whakawhiti i ngā momo tarutaru me te whakaiti i te tapahi tarutaru. I mahi a James Wilmot, he kairangahau, i tētahi wā i tātai: "Mēnā he $150 te utu mō ia eka hei whakaranu ki te momo tarutaru e hiahia ana ki te auau tapahi teitei rawa, kāti he $50 te utu mō ia eka hei whakaranu ki te momo tarutaru e hiahia ana ki te auau tapahi iti rawa. I te whakakotahitanga me te whakaritenga kia whakamahia noa te 1/3 o te tongi, ko te penapena utu mō ia eka he $120. Mēnā e whakahaere ana koe i te 100 eka whenua, ka taea e koe te penapena $12,000 mō ia wā." Ae, kāore e taea te whakakapi i te bluegrass, i te fescue roa rānei i ngā āhuatanga katoa. Engari ina whakakapia te papa korowha i te momo tarutaru e hiahia ana ki te auau tapahi teitei ki ngā momo tarutaru puhoi te tipu, ka taea te penapena moni nui mā te whakaiti i te nui o te tapahi. (7) Whakaitihia te whakamahinga o ngā patu taru. Kua rongo te katoa he pai te whakaiti i te whakamahinga o ngā patu taru mō te taiao. Heoi, ka taea te whakaiti i te kounga o te papa korowha me te kore e pā ki te whakamahinga o ngā patu taru? E ai ki ngā rangahau, hei whakahaere i te pāpaka, i te pāpaka rānei, ka taea te whakamahi i te iti o te patu taru i mua i te putanga mai o te tarutaru i ia tau. I kitea e ia ka taea te whakamahi i te nui katoa i te tau tuatahi, te haurua i ia rua tau, me te hauwhā i te tau tuatoru, neke atu rānei. Ka rite te pānga o tēnei tikanga whakamahi ki te whakamahi i te nui katoa i ia tau. Ko te take he matotoru ake te tarutaru, ā, ka ātete ki ngā taru, ā, ka iti haere te wāhi e nohoia ana e ngā taru i roto i te oneone i roto i te wā.

Ko tētahi huarahi māmā hei whakaiti i te whakamahinga o ngā patupatu ko te whakahaere i te horopeta i roto i te awhe e tohua ana i runga i ngā tapanga o te nuinga o ngā patupatu. Mena e taunaki ana te tapanga i te 0.15-0.3 kg ia eka, whiriwhiria te horopeta iti rawa. Mā tēnei, kua 10% te iti iho o ngā patupatu i whakamahia e ia i ngā papa korowha tata.

Ka taea te whakamahi i te whakahaere whānui o te papa tarutaru ki ngā papa korowha maha, ā, he mārama tonu tōna kaha ki te penapena moni. Hei kaiwhakahaere papa tarutaru, he pai ke ki te whakamātau.