He maha ngā āhuatanga e uaua ai te tupu tika o ngā tarutaru i te atarangi: kāore e ranea te rā e whiwhi ai ngā tipu hei tupu tika, ko ngā mate e pā ana ki ngā wāhi atarangi ka pā ki ngā tipu hipoki whenua kāore e ranea te rā, ā, me whakataetae ngā tarutaru ki ngā pakiaka o te rākau mō te wai me ngā matūkai.
Ina pāpaku te pūnaha pakiaka i te kikī o te oneone, i te kore rānei o te rerenga wai, ka whānau mai rānei ētahi rākau me ngā pūnaha pakiaka pāpaku, pērā i te māpere hiriwa, he tino uaua ki te whakataetae ki ngā pakiaka rākau.
Hei whakatipu angitu i tētahi tarutaru i te atarangi, me whakamahi koe i ngā tikanga whakahaere e whakamahia ana hei whakatipu tarutaru i te rā. E taunaki ana tētahi whakarāpopototanga kua whakaputaina i ngā kaupapa here whakahaere, ā, e taunaki ana kia whakamahia ki ngā wāhi kāore e tupu te tarutaru.
Kōwhiringa purapura tarutaru
Ko te mea tino nui hei pupuri i te hauora o te papa tarutaru ko te whiriwhiri i ngā purapura tarutaru. Mā te whakato i te momo tarutaru tika ka rerekē te āhua o te papa tarutaru e tupu pai ana, me te mea ka memeha, ka mate ahakoa ka tūpato koe. Hei tauira, ko te bluegrass, he momo tarutaru rongonui, kāore e tino pai te tupu i roto i ngā taiao marumaru. Ka taea e te fescue teitei pai te urutau ki ngā āhuatanga marumaru engari kāore e taea te aro ki te takahi nui. Ko te bluegrass takoto me te bluegrass matotoru te kakau me whai oneone makuku kia pai ai te whakahaere.
Ko te mea nui hei pupuri i tō kari kia tupu pai i te atarangi, ko te whiriwhiri i tētahi ranunga purapura e whakakotahi ana i ētahi momo e ātete ana ki te atarangi, ā, e 2-4 ngā momo rerekē o ia momo e whakamahia ana. Ko ētahi momo ka ora nā te mea ka taea e rātou te tipu i te mārama o te rā, ko ētahi he pai ake te ātete ki te mate. Mā te whakakotahitanga o ngā momo tarutaru ka āwhina i te whakakore i ngā mate, i te pirau rānei i puta mai i te āhuarangi puta noa i te whenua.
Ko te pai o te ranunga purapura mō tō papaanga, e whakawhirinaki ana ki te nui o te makuku e wātea ana. Ko te nuinga o ngā tarutaru ka whakatōkia ki te ranunga o ngā momo bluegrass, ā, kāore e pai mō te whakatō ki te taiao marumaru. Mena ka whakamahia he ranunga kei roto ko te bluegrass me te bluegrass kua konatunatua ki te fescue pai, ka taea te whakamahi i roto i ngā āhuatanga marumaru.
Te whakahaere i te whakatipu tarutaru
2.1 Whakatōtika
He iti ake ngā matūkai e hiahiatia ana mō ngā tarutaru e whakatipuria ana i te atarangi i ērā o ngā tarutaru e whakatipuria ana i te rā. Kāore e neke atu i te 2 pauna o te tongi hauota mō ia 1,000 putu tapawha ia tau mō ngā tarutaru atarangi. Tata ki te haurua o te nui e whakamahia ana e ngā tarutaru e whakatipuria ana i te rā. Ka taea e ngā tongi whai hua te ngoikore o te tarutaru, te kore rānei e wātea ki ngā tipu. Ko te wā pai ki te whakamahi tongi ko te wā e tino hiahia ana ō tipu ki ngā matūkai. E toru ngā wā mō ngā tarutaru: te mutunga o te kōanga, te mutunga o te raumati me te mutunga o te ngahuru. Me whakamahi tongi kia rua ngā wā i ia wā, me te 1 pauna o te hauota mō ia 1,000 putu tapawha i waenganui o Mei me te nui ōrite i te wiki whakamutunga o Ākuhata, i te wiki tuatahi rānei o Hepetema. Ka whakaratohia e te kaupapa he tarutaru kounga pai ake i te raumati mā te whakamahi i te 2/3 pauna o te tongi hauota mō ia 1,000 putu tapawha i waenganui o Mei, te tīmatanga o Hūrae, me waenganui ki te tīmatanga o Oketopa.
2.2 Te tapahi me te kawe
Mō ngā tarutaru e tipu ana i ngā wāhi marumaru, e taunakihia ana kia 3-4 inihi te teitei o te tapahi. He paku teitei ake tēnei teitei i te teitei e taunakitia ana kia 2(1/2)-3(1/2) inihi mō ngā tarutaru e tipu ana i te rā. Mō ngā wāhi marumaru me ngā wāhi paki, whakaritea te teitei tapahi ki te 3-3 (1/2) inihi kia ōrite ai te tarutaru i ngā wāhi e rua.Te tapahi tarutaruKi te poto rawa te tipu, ka pāngia te tukanga whakaputanga o ngā rau tipu. He mea nui tēnei mō ngā tarutaru e tipu ana i te atarangi nā te mea he iti noa iho ngā rau. I te wā e tapahi ana i tō tarutaru, he pai ake kia kaua e neke atu i te kotahi-hautoru o te ara i roto i ngā rau. Mō ngā tarutaru atarangi, tapahia te tarutaru ina tae ki te 4 ki te 5 inihi te teitei. Mā te tapahi i te neke atu i te kotahi-hautoru o ngā rau ka aukati i te tipu pakiaka mō te wā poto, ka ngoikore hoki te tipu pakiaka o te tipu.
Ki te taea, me whakawhāiti te haere o te tangata ki tētahi papa tarutaru marumaru rawa kia taea ai e ia te ora ake i ōna ake kino. Mā te teitei o te 3-4 inihi ka āwhina i te tiaki i te pūwāhi tupu o te tipu mā te whakaiti i ngā kino e pā ana ki te haere o te tangata mā te waiho i ētahi atu kiko rau ki muri.
2.3 Ngā kaiwhakahaere tipu
Ka taea e ngā kaiwhakatika tipu tipu te whakapai ake i te kounga o ngā tarutaru i ngā taiao marumaru. Ka mahi rātou mā te whakaroa i te roa o ngā rau, ka nui ake ngā matūkai mō te tipu o te pakiaka. I muri i te whakataurite, i kitea he pouri ake te tae o ngā tipu i rongoatia, he rau matomato me ngā pūnaha pakiaka matotoru, ko ngā tipu kāore i rongoatia he hina mā, he rau onge, ā, kāore i te rawaka ngā pūnaha pakiaka. Rapua ngā tongi tika kei te mākete mō ngā tipu i ngā taiao marumaru, tae atu ki ngā kaiwhakatika tipu. Ko tētahi atu kaiwhakatika tipu whai hua, ko te trinexapac-ethyl, ka taea te whakamahi i roto i te tiaki tarutaru ngaio me te hanganga whenua.
2.4 Whakamakuku
Me whakamakuku ngā tarutaru ki te 1 inihi wai ia wiki. Mō ngā tipu, he pai ake te whakamakuku kia tino pai, kia 5-6 inihi te hohonu, i te whakamakuku māmā auau. Me whakamakuku pinepine ngā tarutaru me ngā rākau papaku-pakiaka nā te mea ka ngawari ake te tauraki. Ka pā te momo oneone me te whakakīkī ki te nui o te wai e hiahiatia ana e ō tipu. He iti ake te wai o ngā oneone onepu i ngā oneone paru me ngā oneone uku, nō reira me whakamakuku pinepine. Whakamahia he iti noa te wai (tata ki te 1/2 inihi i ia wā) mō ngā oneone onepu me ngā oneone kāore i whakakīkī, nā te mea kāore e taea e ēnei oneone te pupuri i te nui o te wai rite ki ngā oneone paru me ngā oneone kua whakakīkī.
Hei whakatau i te hohonu o te rehu wai ki tō papaanga, whakatakotoria he kēne kawhe ki raro i te rehu, ā, tirohia te roa o te wā e hiahiatia ana kia whakakīia ki te nui kua tohua. E rua hāora te roa o te nuinga o ngā pūweru wai hei taupoki i te 1 inihi o te wai. Mā te whakamakuku i tō papa tarutaru i te ata ka maroke i te roanga o te rā. Mā te whakamakuku i te ahiahi, i te ahiahi rānei ka nui ake te tūponotanga o te pāngia e te mate mā te whakaroa i te wā e mākū ai ngā rau.
2.5 Te mate
Ahakoa te tipu i te rā katoa, ka mate pea ngā tarutaru i te atarangi, ka pāngia rānei e ētahi mate ka ngoikore ai te tipu. He tino ngawari ngā pāmahana o ngā taiao atarangi, he iti ake te nekehanga o te hau, ā, he nui ake te haumākū. I taua wā anō, i muri i te tomairangi, te ua, te whakamakuku rānei, ka roa ake te wā e noho ana te wai ki te mata o te rau. Ka pai ake ēnei āhuatanga ki te tipu o te maha o ngā harore, ā, ka puta ai ngā mate o te tarutaru. Pērā i ngā mate tarutaru katoa, ko te otinga pai ko te whakato i tētahi tarutaru e ātete ana ki te atarangi, me te whakarerekē i te taiao mā te tapahi i ngā rākau hei whakanui ake i te mārama me te nekehanga o te hau. Ko te harore paura tētahi o ngā mate tino noa o ngā tarutaru atarangi. Ka kitea ngāwari te harore paura mā ina pā ki ngā rau. Ka ora noa te harore i runga i te mata o ngā rau, ā, ka ngāwari te mirimiri. Kāore e taea te whakamate tika i te harore paura i roto i ngā tarutaru, engari ka taea e ia te ārai katoa i te mate kino kei mate ai ngā tipu. He ngawari ake te pāngia e tēnei mate te tarutaru kikorangi i ētahi atu momo tarutaru. Ko ētahi harore patu harore kua tohua hei whakahaere i te harore paura, engari he iti noa te whai hua nā te mea ka hoki anō te harore paura i roto i ngā rā 7-28. Me karo i te whakamakuku i te pō.
Ko te ira parauri, e kiia ana ko te pokepokea ai te hukarere paura, he mate atarangi noa anō hoki. He pai ake te tipu o tēnei harore i ngā āhuatanga hauhautanga, makuku, ā, ka puta puta noa i te wā tipu i Wisconsin. I ētahi wā ka hanga ngā hyphae o tēnei harore i ngā puranga mā iti ka huri haere ki te karaka i roto i te tarutaru. Ka taea e ngā whakaekenga kino te patu i tō tarutaru. Ka taea te whakamahi i ngā patu harore, engari ko tāu whiringa pai ko tētahi e aro ana ki ngā mate katoa i roto i ngā taiao atarangi: Tapatapahia ngā rākau kia nui ake ai te hihi o te rā me te nekehanga o te hau.
Tērā pea ka pāngia te tipu o ngā tarutaru marumaru e ētahi atu mate, tae atu ki te ira rau (e mōhiotia ana ko te noke, ko te noke rānei), te waikura, me ētahi atu.
2.6 Moss
Ko te moko e tohu ana i ngā āhuatanga kino mō te tipu o te tarutaru. Kāore te moko e ārai i te tipu o te tarutaru, engari ka mate ngā tarutaru i te wāhi e tupu ai te moko. Ko ngā take noa o te moko i roto i ngā tarutaru ko te nui rawa o te atarangi me tōna ngoikore ki te whakaputa uri. I mua i te whakatū angitu i tētahi tarutaru hei wāhi e tupu ai te moko, me whakarerekē e koe te taiao kia tino nui ai te māramatanga, te makuku tika, me te momona hoki mō te tipu o te tarutaru.
三, nga whiringa tarutaru
Kāore ētahi wāhi e pai ana mō te whakatipu tarutaru: Kāore pea i te nui te māramatanga, he nui rawa rānei ngā pakiaka rākau e tipu tata ana, he nui rawa rānei te waka e haereere ana, ā, ka mate pea ngā tipu. Ahakoa te take, whakaarohia te whakato taru ki ēnei wāhi kaua ki te hanga tarutaru. Mō ngā wāhi e nui ana te waka, whakamahia he kiri haehae, he kohatu iti rānei. Mō ētahi atu wāhi, whakaarohia te whakato i tētahi uhi whenua e ātete ana ki te marumaru.
Te whakahaere i ngā rākau i te atarangi
4.1 Tapatapahia ngā rākau hei whakanui ake i te māramatanga me te rere o te hau
Tetahi huarahi hei whakapai akengā tarutaru e tipu ana Ko te tikanga i te atarangi ko te tapahi i ngā rākau kia nui ake te māramatanga e tika ana kia puta. Tapatapahia ngā manga o ngā rākau rau-ngā-ringa ki te iti rawa 10 putu mai i te whenua. Ko tēnei tikanga ka mahi noa i ngā rākau rau-ngā-ringa; ka ngaro pea te ataahua o ngā rākau koniperu mēnā ka tapahia ō rātou manga o raro. Mā te tapahi ka nui ake te māramatanga e whiwhi ana tō papa tarutaru, ka nui ake hoki te nekehanga o te hau, ka whakaiti i te tūponotanga o te mate. He tino whai hua te tapahi ina kotahi anake te rākau, engari kāore pea e whai hua ina maha ngā rākau i te atarangi. Mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga tapahi tika ka taea te whakaiti i te mate pea. E taunakihia ana kia utua he tohunga ki te tapahi i tētahi rākau nui, ki te kore ka ngaro taua rākau nā te kino, te mate rānei i puta mai i te tapahi hē.
4.2 Tangohia ngā rau kua hinga
Ko ngā rā paki me ngā pāmahana iti i te ngahuru ka whakarato i ngā āhuatanga pai mō te tipu o te tarutaru. Mena ka kapi te tarutaru i ngā rau kua hinga i tēnei wā tipu nui, kāore e taea e te tipu te whakaputa me te penapena i te kaha e tika ana i te takurua. Ka tangohia tonutia ngā rau kua hinga, ka purangatia rānei kia puranga puta noa i te ngahuru. Mena ka hinga ōrite ngā rau ki runga i te tarutaru, kāore te tarutaru e kapi pai i ngā rau kua hinga.
4.3 Tiakina ngā pūtake me ngā take o te rākau i te wā e tapatapahia ana
Ko te kino ā-tinana ki te pūtake, ki ngā pakiaka rānei, ka puta he wāhi urunga mō ngā mate ka ngoikore ai, ka mate ai rānei te rākau. Hei ārai i te kino i puta mai i te mīhini tapahi tarutaru, whakaarohia te whakatakoto i te papaki huri noa i te pūtake o te pūtake rākau me runga ake i ngā pakiaka pāpaku. I mua i te whakatakoto papaki, hutia te tarutaru ki te ringa, patua rānei ki te patu taru kore-whiriwhiri pērā i te glyphosate.
Wā tuku: Akuhata-01-2024