whakamakuku
He kaupapa tairongo te whakamahinga wai korowha, inā koa i Haina, e 121 noa iho i te ao mō ngā rauemi wai mō ia tangata. He take nui tonu te tiaki wai mō te tiaki taiao. E ai ki te "Toward White Paper – China Golf Industry Report" o te tau 2011, ko te toharite o te whakamahinga wai ā-tau mō ngā whare papa korowha 18-poka o tōku whenua he tata ki te 323,000 tana, he 58% teitei ake i te tatauranga kotahi i te United States o te 188,000 tana. Ko te whakahaere e whakamahia whānuitia ana mō te pūnaha whakamakuku i te papa korowha ko te whakamahi rorohiko hei tatau i te pēhanga, te rere o te wai, te rahi o te pūwero, te matapihi wai, te ōrau whakarerekētanga, te tere o te hau, te pāmahana, te tohanga me te urunga, te whakatuwheratanga o te kuaha me te wā mutunga me te maha atu o ngā mea hei whakahaere i te papa korowha. Ko te whakamahinga wai, ahakoa te kore e whakaae, he peke nui tēnā. Heoi, mēnā he iti noa te hē o te hurihanga, mēnā kua pakaru te pūwero, kua hē rānei te whakamahinga, mēnā he ngoikore te whakatakotoranga o te pūwero, mēnā rānei he tere rawa, he puhoi rawa rānei te hurihanga o te pūwero, ka pakaru te pānga arotau o te kaupapa pūnaha whakamakuku tauhiuhi rorohiko. Ehara i te mea ka whakaiti noa i tōna pānga whakamahinga, engari ka pā anō hoki ki te penapena wai. Kāore e āwhina.
Hei whakatutuki i te tiakitanga me te tiakitanga taiao i roto i te whakamakuku, ko te ōritetanga o te wai whakamakuku te mea nui. Ko te kore ōritetanga o te whakamakuku te take matua e mākū ai te papa korowha i te rā katoa, ā, koinei hoki te take matua e maumauria ai te wai. Ko te utu hanga o tētahi papa korowha 18-poka teitei rawa atu he tata ki te 80 miriona yuan, engari he maha ngā kaipupuri moni kua whakangao neke atu i te 20 miriona yuan ki te hanga papa korowha paerewa. Ko te hua o te hanganga he whakahekenga utu nui. Ko te pēhanga tino noa ko te pūnaha whakamakuku me te rerenga wai, he mea e kore e kitea engari he mea tino nui mō te tiaki i muri mai. Nā te mea kāore i te rawaka ngā taputapu o te pūnaha whakamakuku, ā, kāore he tautoko o ngā taputapu taputapu penapena wai matatau, ka meinga te tiaki i muri mai o te papa kia whakamahia te wai. Kia teitei. Ko tētahi pūnaha whakamakuku kua hoahoatia pai, kounga teitei hoki, ka whakarato i te tohatoha ōrite o te wai whakamakuku puta noa i te pūnaha, ā, ka whakakorea te mākū nui me te maroke nui. He tata ki te 20 ngā kaimahi tiaki o tētahi papa korowha 18-poka i te United States me tētahi kaiwhakahaere. Kāore e taea te wehe i tēnei i te nui o te mīhini o ngā papa korowha o Amerika, te wehewehe mārama o ngā mahi a te kaiwhakahaere, me te whakahaere tika me te whai hua o ngā kaimahi. I taua wā anō, ko te turanga pai i whakatakotoria i te tīmatanga o te hanganga o te papa tākaro te take matua. Kāore i te maha ngā whakatikatika i ā rātou pūnaha whakamakuku me ngā paipa, engari i Haina, ka puta ngā raruraru maha i muri i te neke atu i te toru tau o te whakamahinga. Nō reira, ko te whakamahere tika i te tīmatanga o te hanganga te pūtake matua mō te whakarite i te wai whakamakuku ōrite, ā, mā reira ka tutuki ai te tiaki wai i roto i te whakamakuku.
Mō tō tātou whenuangā papa korowha, i ngā rohe makariri o te raki, nā te roa o te wā kore-whakamakuku, he nui noa iho te tirotiro i te pūnaha whakamakuku kotahi i te tau i mua i te tīmatanga o te whakamakuku i te kōanga. I te rohe tonga, nā te roa o te wā whakamakuku, tae atu ki te hiahia mō te whakamakuku puta noa i te tau, me tirotiro te pūnaha whakamakuku i te iti rawa kia rua ngā wā i te tau. Engari ko te mea pono, ko te tirotiro i konei me aro ki te tirotiro whānui o ngā paipa, ngā pūnaha whakahaere, me ētahi atu, nā te mea ahakoa te huinga pai o te pupuhi/pūwero pai rawa atu, kāore pea e pai te mahi i runga i te tohatoha wai whakamakuku i muri i te whakamahinga mō tētahi wā. Nō reira, me mahi tēnei I te wā e whakamahia ana, e tiakina ana hoki te pūnaha whakamakuku i ia rā, ka mahia e ngā kaimahi kari ngā whakarerekētanga tika me te wā tika ki te pūnaha whakamakuku i runga i ngā āhuatanga tūturu, ā, he tino māmā ake tēnei whakarerekētanga i tā mātou i whakaaro ai. Me tirotiro noa koe mēnā kei te tika te whakatakotoranga o te koki rehu o ia pūwero, mēnā he noa te hurihanga o te pūwero, mēnā he rau tarutaru, he pakiaka tarutaru me ētahi atu paru e pā ana ki te mahi noa o te pūwero, mēnā kua tawhito te pūwero, mēnā kei te turuturu te mowhiti hiri, me ētahi atu. I ētahi wā ka kitea hoki kua pakaru te anga o te pūwero, ā, kua purua te tātari kua hangaia ki roto o te pūwero. Ko te nuinga o ngā raruraru o runga ake nei ehara i te mea uaua ki te kite me te whakaoti. Mēnā ka aro nui ngā kaimahi, ka taea e te papa tākaro te penapena moni nui. E whakaatu ana tētahi pūrongo rangahau mai i te California Sprinkler Irrigation Technology Research Center me whakarerekē noa i te pane rehu hurihuri, me mahi rānei i ētahi atu mahi tiaki, pērā i te whakarerekē i te koki me te teitei o te pane rehu, kia whakahokia ai ki tōna āhua pai. Mā tēnei, ka taea e ngā whakarerekētanga ngawari te whakarerekē i te ōritetanga o te rehu wai, ā, ka taea te penapena ngāwari i te 6.5% o te wai mō te whakamakuku rehu. Ā, ka penapena wai noa iho tēnei. Mā te whakaiti i te whakamahinga o te papu wai ka taea hoki te penapena pūngao me te whakaroa i te roa o te mahi a te papu wai mō te 2 tau pea.
Mō te whakamakuku i ngā papa korowha maha, mātoukeri tikangā puna wai hei whakamahi i te wai whenua kounga teitei, te whakamahi rānei i te wai mata ma o ngā awa me ngā roto hei whakamakuku. Ka puta he whakataetae ki te puna wai o te tāone, te wai inu o te taiwhenua mō te tangata me ngā kararehe, me te whakamakuku ahuwhenua me te ngahere, ka hua ake he nui rawa te whakamahinga wai i roto i te papa korowha. He āhuatanga nui, kāore i te pai pērā i te penapena rauemi. Ko te penapena wai mai i te pūtake me waiho hei kaupapa matua mō ngā papa korowha o ēnei rā: ko ngā puna wai ka taea te whakamahi e te papa korowha ko te wai roto whenua i roto i te papa korowha, te wai para o te whare mai i te whare karapu me ngā wāhi noho e karapoti ana; tae atu ki te ua taiao, hangaia ētahi whare whakamahi wai ua i roto i te papa korowha, me te kohikohi katoa i ngā ara hikoi, te wai ua i runga i ngā rori, ngā papa waka me ngā tuanui whare. Ka tukatukahia tēnei wai ka huri hei wai hina, ka taea te whakamahi hei whakamakuku i te papa tākaro me te hanga mekameka wai e rere ana i roto i te wāhi. Kāore he take e manukanuka ai ki te whakamahi i te wai hina hei kino i te kounga o te papa. Engari, he haumaru te whakamakuku wai hina mō te papa, ā, he pai ake te pānga i te whakamahi i te wai whenua kounga teitei mō te whakamakuku. Nā te mea kei roto i te wai hina ētahi matū rauropi, ehara i te mea ka taea anake te whakaiti i te pānga ki te wai inu kounga teitei o raro whenua, engari ka taea hoki e te keri te penapena i te nui o ngā utu tongi.
Wā tuku: 28 o Ākuhata-2024